Iran, Islamic Rep. – 2014 results |

Data

isocode:

SIGI Value 2014:

SIGI Category 2014:

Women activists played a significant role in the Iranian Revolution, but following it, with changes to the civil and penal codes and enforced segregation and public veiling, women lost the limited equal rights that they had enjoyed under the previous regime.^[1]In addition, high rates of unemployment among women mean that for many women, their economic autonomy is limited. However, despite considerable restrictions on their civil liberties, women in Iran are active and visible in the public sphere, particularly in education and civil society, and stereotypes regarding acceptable gender roles are being challenged.^[2] In addition, a study by Moghadam notes that women’s human rights in Iran have advanced, especially in regard to family, religion and community, partly as a result of urbanisation, and of the high numbers of women entering education.^[3]There is an active and confrontational women’s movement, which contains women working to improve women’s rights within the framework of the existing Islamic regime, as well as those calling for secular rights.^[4] As a result of their activities, such women are frequently in considerable danger and risk of persecution and arrest. Many young women were among those active – and arrested – during large scale demonstrations in 2009, following disputed elections.^[5]

The Iranian Constitution calls for gender equality before the law at Article 20, although this is negated by the enforcement of discriminatory civil and criminal laws that subordinate women.^[6] Iran has not signed or ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), on the grounds that to do so would contradict Islamic law.^[7] The Centre for Women’s Affairs and Family coordinates government policy in relation to improving women’s status in society.^[8]

^[1]^{Tohidi (2010) p.121}^[2]^{Freedom House (2010)}^[3]^{Valentine M. Moghadam (n.d.). pp.2-3}^[4]^{Tohidi (2010) p.144}^[5]^{Amnesty International (2010) p.173-174}^[6]^{Tohidi (2010) p.124}^[7]^{United Nations Treaty Collection (n.d.)}^[8]^{JICA (2007) p.11}

DISCRIMINATORY FAMILY CODE:

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DISCRIM. FAM. CODE VALUE 2014:

DISCRIM. FAM. CODE CATEGORY 2014:

Legal Age of Marriage:

Early Marriage:

Parental Authority During Marriage:

Parental Authority After Divorce:

Inheritance Rights For Widows:

Inheritance Rights For Daughters:

Under Iran’s civil code, all women are considered to be under the guardianship of their father, husband, or another designated male relative.^[9] Following the rescinding of the pre-revolutionary Family Protection Law, no new family code was introduced until more recent years.^[10] For those belonging to the other three recognised religious groups – Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians – personal status is governed by their own sectarian laws.^[11]

For the Muslim majority, matters relating to personal status and the family are now regulated based on Shi‘a interpretations of the Sharia; the old family law with some retrogressive recent changes still acts as a practical framework for judges to address such issues.^[12] In 2008 under Presidency of Ahmadinejad, a new bill under the name of “Family Protection Bill” was proposed to reinforce and facilitate polygyny, temporary marriage, and men’s privileged position with regard to divorce. Thanks to a wide coalition of women activists who opposed that bill, a mildly amended version was passed which is still biased in favor of men concerning polygamy and temporary marriage.^[13]

The legal age of marriage is 13 years for girls and 15 years for boys, but fathers have the right to apply for permission to the courts to marry their children earlier.^[14] Early marriages that take place without official permission can result in imprisonment.^[15]

All marriages are governed by sectarian personal status laws, as outlined above. It appears that the minimum age of marriage is the same for all sects.^[16]

In a 2012 report, the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran expressed concern regarding reports that the Legal Affairs Committee of the Iranian Parliament had stated that the law prohibiting the marriage of girls under the age of 13 was ‘un-Islamic’, and that one lawmaker was proposing bringing the minimum age down to nine for girls.^[17]

The consent of both spouses is needed for a marriage to be valid; however, in some rural areas, forced marriages do occur, particularly involving very young girls, or widows.^[18] Rates of child marriage are thought to be highest in southern parts of the country.^[19]

Parental authority is governed by the Civil Code, but this draws directly from Sharia law, under which women do not have equal rights.^[20] Women and men do not have equal parental authority over children. Under Article 1105 of the civil code, the husband is designated as the exclusive head of the family. Fathers have both physical and legal custody of children during marriage, including the authority over decisions regarding the child’s wellbeing. In his absence, guardianship of children falls to his family, rather than to the mother.^[21]^{, [22]}

In the event of divorce, recent legal amendments to the civil code automatically grant mothers physical custody of children until the age of seven, unless the mother remarries, in which case she loses this right. Previously, mothers could maintain custody of sons only until the age of two.^[23]

The law does not provide women with equal inheritance rights, either as wives or as daughters.

Inheritance law is governed by Sharia. Shi‘a interpretations of the Sharia provide for detailed and complex calculations of inheritance shares. Women may inherit from their father, mother, husband or children and, under certain conditions, from other family members. However, their share is generally smaller than that to which men are entitled. Daughters, for example, typically inherit half as much as sons, and a widow’s inheritance entitlement is dependent on whether or not the couple have children. ^[24]^{, [25], [26]} A change to the law in 2009 means that widows are now able to inherit land from their husbands; previous to this, they could only inherit moveable property.^[27]

A report by the World Bank notes that it is now common for parents to make arrangements to ensure that daughters’ and sons’ inheritance is equal.^[28]However, the Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, who visited the country in 2005, notes that written wills are not legally binding.^[29] Tohidi notes that women are often pressured into forgoing their inheritance, either to keep property within the family, or to enable male relatives to control the selling or division of inherited assets.^[30]

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Changes to the law made in 2002 mean that men can no longer repudiate (divorce unilaterally) their wives; the law introduced restrictions on both men’s and women’s right to divorce, and men who divorce their wives without going through the official channels can now face up to a year’s imprisonment.^[31] In practice, it remains much harder for a woman to obtain a divorce; even if she is prepared to undergo a ‘khula’ divorce (which means making a financial payment to her husband), she still needs to obtain her husband’s consent to the divorce.^[32]

Women cannot be recognised as the head of the household. All adult women remain under the guardianship of their father, husband, or another designated male relative. As mentioned above, the husband is designated the exclusive head of the family, under the Civil Code.^[33]^{, [34]}

^[9]^{United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) (2003), p.187}^[10]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.122}^[11]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.130}^[12]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.122}^[13]^{Tohidi (2008)}^[14]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.131}^[15]^{Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) (2007), p.9}^[16]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.131}^[17]^{United Nations General Assembly (2012), pp.21-22}^[18]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.131}^[19]^{United Nations General Assembly (2012), p. 22}^[20]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), pp.132-133}^[21]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.125}^[22]^{United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Commission on Human Rights (2006), pp.13-14}^[23]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.133}^[24]^{The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) (2005), p.11}^[25]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), (2010) p.139}^[26]^{UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Commission on Human Rights (2006), pp.14-15}^[27]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.139}^[28]^{World Bank (2011), p.159}

^[29]^{UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Commission on Human Rights (2006), pp.14-15}^[30]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.139}^[31]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.132}

^[32]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.132}^[33]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.125}^[34]^{UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Commission on Human Rights (2006), p.13}

RESTRICTED PHYSICAL INTEGRITY:

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REST. PHYS. INTEGRITY VALUE 2014:

REST. PHYS. INTEGRITY CATEGORY 2014:

Attitudes Towards Violence Against Women:

Prevalence Of Domestic Violence:

Laws Addressing Domestic Violence:

Laws Addressing Rape:

Laws Addressing Sexual Harassment:

Female Genital Mutilation:

Reproductive Autonomy:

There is no specific law criminalising domestic violence in Iran. Those women who do turn to the police for help are treated, in the words of a recent report, ‘no differently from those who are attacked by a stranger’, and must provide witnesses and medical reports to support their allegations.^[35]

As of 2003, there were some limited state support services in place for victims of domestic violence– including a crisis centre and a proposed helpline – but it is unclear if these are still functioning.^[36]As of 2010, there were no shelters available for abused women.^[37] One article notes that limited attempts were made during the presidency of Mohammad Khatami to establish support services, and to carry out research on domestic violence, but that these were inconsistent and subsequently abandoned.^[38]No data on conviction rates was available.

There is no data available as to the prevalence of domestic violence, which is treated as a private matter and rarely discussed openly.^[39]^{, [40]}

When the Special Rapporteur visited Iran in 2005, she found that women in abusive relationships felt compelled to remain with their abusers for fear of shame, ostracism, or the fact that they would be left destitute if their husbands divorced them.^[41] A more recent article paints a similar picture.^[42]

Rape is not recognised as a distinct offence under the Iranian penal code, but rather falls under the penal code’s definition of adultery, as sexual intercourse between a man and a woman ‘forbidden to each other’.^[43]Rape cases can be brought under the Criminal Code, however, a rape victim must present four male eyewitnesses or three male and two female witnesses in order to prove the crime, and if the defendant is acquitted, the victim runs the risk of being charged and convicted for false accusation (qazf) or illicit sexual relations (zina).^[44]

The law does not recognise the concept of spousal rape.^[45] It is unclear whether or not the perpetrator can escape prosecution by marrying the victim.

No evidence was found to suggest the existence of any mechanisms or measures to ensure the implementation of the law.

According to the US Department of State, 900 cases of rape were reported to law enforcement agencies between March 2011 and March 2012.^[46]It is unclear how many of these resulted in a conviction.

The legal requirements around rape act as a significant barrier to reporting, as does shame and fear of social stigma.^[47]^{, [48]}

Under the Family Code, men also have the right to engage in sexual relationships outside of marriage within ‘sigheh’ (temporary) marriages, while for women, adultery is a criminal offence that can result in the death penalty.^[49]Both men and women convicted of adultery can be sentenced to death by stoning.^[50] In practice, convictions are rare, but women are disproportionately affected.^[51]

According to a 2010 report published by Women Living Under Muslim Laws (WLUML), ‘honour’-related violence is also ongoing in Iran.^[52] This often takes the form of forced self-immolation, whereby women are forced by other family members to set themselves ablaze, and the death is then passed off as suicide.^[53]

Amnesty International reports that some of those arrested following the demonstrations in 2009 – women and men – were raped and subjected to other forms of sexual assault while in detention.^[54] Women’s rights defenders continue to face harassment, arbitrary arrest and detention, and imprisonment after unfair trials.^[55]

Sexual harassment in public places is illegal under Article 619 of the penal code, which generally prohibits verbal or physical harassment of women and children in public places. However, there are not specific laws addressing sexual harassment in the workplace or institutes of education.^[56]

Tohidi notes that no labour unions provide support or representation to women who have suffered sexual harassment.^[57] Government campaigns challenging sexual harassment have been focused on encouraging women to dress and behave modestly so as not to ‘attract’ unwanted attention.^[58]

It appears that victims of sexual harassment are often blamed for the abuse, and can even face counter charges. In 2008, a female student who had alleged that the vice chancellor of her university had sexually harassed her was herself arrested; the local prosecutor is reported to have said that ‘publicising certain crimes is worse than the crimes themselves’.^[59]

According to Amnesty International, in 2012, women prisoners held at Evin prison went on hunger strike to protest against humiliating body searches, which they argued constituted a form of sexual harassment.^[60]

There is no evidence that female genital mutilation (FGM) is practised in Iran.

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Abortion is only legal in cases where the mother’s life is in danger.^[61]

^[35]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.136}^[36]^{United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) (2003), p.187}^[37]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.136}^[38]^{Moaveni, Azadeh (2013)}^[39]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.13}^[40]^{UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Commission on Human Rights (2006), p.11}^[41]^{UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Commission on Human Rights (2006), p.11}^[42]^{Moaveni, Azadeh (2013)}^[43]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.136}^[44]^{UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Commission on Human Rights (2006), p.16}^[45]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.136}^[46]^{US Department of State (2013)}^[47]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.136}^[48]^{US Department of State (2013)}^[49]^{Greiff, Shaina (2010), p.20}^[50]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.134}^[51]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.134}^[52]^{Greiff, Shaina (2010), p.14}^[53]^{Greiff, Shaina (2010), p.14}^[54]^{Amnesty International (2010), p.174}^[55]^{Amnesty International (2013), p.126}^[56]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), pp.136, 138.}^[57]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), (2010) p.138.}^[58]^{Buzzfeed (2013)}^[59]^{Harrison, Frances (2008)}^[60]^{Amnesty International (2013), p.127}^[61]^{United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013)}

SON BIAS:

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SON BIAS VALUE 2014:

SON BIAS CATEGORY 2014:

Missing Women:

Fertility Preferences:

RESTRICTED RESOURCES AND ASSETS:

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REST. RESOURCES & ASSETS VALUE 2014:

REST. RESOURCES & ASSETS CATEGORY 2014:

Secure Access To Land:

Secure Access To Non-Land Assets:

Access To Financial Services:

Under the Civil Code, there are no legal restrictions on women’s access to land or non-land assets in Iran.^[67]

Married women retain the right to manage their own property under Article 1118 of the Civil Code, and in the event of divorce, the wife is able to retain all the property and other assets that she brought with her when she married.^[68]

Women’s access to land and property other than land are governed by the civil code.^[69]

In practice, in many households, men retain day-to-day control over the family’s income and assets, including land and property. In addition, enforced gender segregation and restrictions on women’s mobility make it more difficult for them to put their own land and property to economic use.^[70]

The land and property rights of women belonging to religious and ethnic minority groups appear to be compromised, as some such groups have been subject to the confiscation of land and property.^[71]^{, [72]}

Tohidi notes that women have the same right as men to enter into commercial contracts, indicating that they should in principle have equal rights to financial services, including credit and bank loans.^[73]

The US Department of State notes that women face discrimination in accessing credit, but provides no further details.^[74]

According to financial inclusion data held by the World Bank, 62% of adult women had a bank account in 2011, compared to 85% of men. In the same year, 31% of adults had taken out a loan with a financial institution (defined as a bank, credit union, microfinance institution, or another financial institution such as a cooperative); these data were not disaggregated by gender.^[75]

In some rural areas, a government loan scheme providing credit for agricultural and handicraft activities targets female-headed households.^[76] From 1994 to 2005, the number of women using these loans decreased from 6,160 in 1994 to 3,103 in 2004, but the amount of these loans increased by a 6.94%.^[77]No further information on women’s access to micro-credit was found.

^[67]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.138.}^[68]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), pp.133, 138, 139}^[69]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.138}^[70]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.139}^[71]^{Human Rights Council (2012), p.18}^[72]^{United Nations General Assembly (2012), p.19.}^[73]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.140.}^[74]^{US Department of State (2013)}^[75]^{World Bank (n.d.) Financial Inclusion Data – Iran, Islamic Rep.}^[76]^{Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) (2007), p.19}^[77]^{Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) (2007), p.19}

RESTRICTED CIVIL LIBERTIES:

Data

REST. CIVIL LIBERTIES VALUE 2014:

REST. CIVIL LIBERTIES CATEGORY 2014:

Access To Public Space:

Political Quotas:

Political Participation:

Iranian women face legal restrictions on their access to public space and freedom of movement outside the country, as they must obtain permission from their husband or a male relative in order to obtain a passport.^[78]Women also need permission from their male guardian to study abroad, and married women must live in a residence chosen for them by their husband.^[79]Married women need their husband’s permission to work outside the home, although prior permission can be stipulated in the marriage contract.^[80]

Women belonging to ethnic and religious minorities face legal and de facto restrictions on their free access to public space, along with other members of their communities. For instance, the use of minority languages is restricted, Sunnis face discrimination in employment, and members of the Baha’i faith have faced arbitrary imprisonment.^[81]^{, [82]}

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex (LGBTI) women face legal and de facto restrictions on their free access to public space. Same-sex relationships are illegal in Iran for women and men. The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA) has logged numerous cases of members of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex (LGBTI) community being subjected to violence, persecution and discrimination.^[83]

Women students are barred from studying certain subjects in some higher education institutes, and can be expelled if they fail to adhere to a mandatory dress code.^[84]^{, [85], [86]}

There are currently no quotas in place to promote women’s political participation, at national or sub-national level.^[87] In the first local elections held in Iran in 1999, 1120 women were elected to municipal and village councils, winning one third of the available seats in the major cities.^[88]

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Article 38 of the 1991 labor law mandates equal pay for equal work and prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in determining wages.^[89]

Pregnant women in Iran are able to take up to 90 days’ paid maternity leave, extended to four months if they are breastfeeding. While on maternity leave, women receive two thirds of their regular salary. Maternity leave is financed through the state Social Security Organisation.^[90]

Tohidi notes that the media in Iran seldom offer output intended to empower women or educate them about their rights.^[91] No information was found on the number of women working in the media in Iran.

^[78]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.130}^[79]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.131}^[80]^{World Bank (2011), p.164}^[81]^{Human Rights Watch (2013), pp.541-542}^[82]^{Amnesty International (2013), pp.127-128}^[83]^{International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA), (n.d.)}^[84]^{Amnesty International (2013, p.127}^[85]^{Human Rights Watch (2013), p.541}^[86]^{United Nations General Assembly (2012), pp.13-14}^[87]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.144.}^[88]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.144}^[89]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.138}^[90]^{Labour Code 1990, Article 76}^[91]^{Tohidi, Nayereh (2010), p.145}

SOURCES:

Amnesty International (2013) Amnesty International Report 2013: State of the World’s Human Rights, Amnesty International, London.

Amnesty International (2010) Amnesty International Report 2009, State of the World’s Human Rights, London: Amnesty International.

Buzzfeed (2013), ‘Iranian Posters Warn Against Sexual Harassment’, posted on http://www.buzzfeed.com/copyranter/iranian-hijab-propaganda-billboards (accessed 21 August 2013)

Central Intelligence Agency (2013). The World Factbook, Iran, available at https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html (accessed 14 April 2014).

Freedom House (2010) Freedom in the World Country Reports: Iran, online edition,http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2010&country=7842(accessed 14 February 2011).

Greiff, Shaina (2010) ‘No Justice in Justifications: Violence against Women in the Name of Culture, Religion, and Tradition’, The Global Campaign to Stop Killing and Stoning Women, March 2010, Women Living Under Muslim Laws (WLUML), London.

Harrison, Frances (2008) ‘Harassed’ Iran student arrested’, BBC News, 20 June 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7466514.stm (accessed 21 August 2013).

Human Rights Council (2012) Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, A/HRC/19/66, Human Rights Council, Geneva.

Human Rights Watch (2013) World Report 2013: Events of 2012, Human Rights Watch, New York.

International Labour Organization (ILO) (2011) Database of Conditions of Work and Employment Laws: Islamic Republic of Iran, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/travmain.sectionReport1?p_lang=en&p_countries=IR&p_sc_id=2000&p_year=2011&p_structure=3 (accessed 21 August 2013).

International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA), (n.d.), country profile: Iran, Islamic Republic of, http://ilga.org/ilga/en/countries/IRAN,%20ISLAMIC%20REPUBLIC%20OF/Articles (accessed 14 February 2011).

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) (2007) ‘Iran: country gender profile’, JICA, Tehran

Klasen, S. and C. Wink (2003), “Missing Women”: Revisiting the Debate, Feminist Economics 9(2 – 3), 2003, 263 – 299.

Labour Code 1990, Article 76. Encouraging Breastfeeding and Protection of Breastfeeding Mothers Law 1995, Article 3. Social Security Law 1975, Articles 28, 63, 67. International Labour Organization (ILO) (2011) Database of Conditions of Work and Employment Laws: Islamic Republic of Iran, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/travmain.sectionReport1?p_lang=en&p_countries=IR&p_sc_id=2000&p_year=2011&p_structure=3 (accessed 21 August 2013)

Moaveni, Azadeh (2013) ‘Moving Backwards Still on Domestic Violence’, iranwire, 31 May 2013, http://iranwire.com/en/projects/676 (accessed 21 August 2013).

Tohidi, Nayereh (2010) ‘Iran’, in Sanja Kelly and Julia Breslin, eds., (2010) Women’s Rights in the Middle East and North Africa, Freedom House, New York, NY; Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, MD.

Tohidi, Nayereh (2008) “Women’s Rights Activists are Being Smeared” http://womensenews.org/story/the-world/080917/irans-womens-rights-activists-are-being-smeared). (accessed 26/05/2014)UNICEF Country Statistics (2013), available at http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/iran_statistics.html (accessed 14 April 2014).

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013) World Abortion Policies 2013, United Nations, New York. www.unpopulation.org (accessed 19 June 2013).

United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) (2003) ‘INTEGRATION OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF WOMEN AND THE GENDER PERSPECTIVE VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Ms. Radhika Coomaraswamy, submitted in accordance with Commission on Human Rights resolution 2002/52 Addendum 1 International, regional and national developments in the area of violence against women 1994-2003’, E/CN.4/2003/75/Add.1, ECOSOC, New York.

United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Commission on Human Rights (2006) Integration of the human rights of women and a gender perspective: violence against women. Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Yakin Ertürk Addendum* MISSION TO THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN (29 January to 6 February 2005), E/CN.4/2006/61/Add.3, ECOSOC, New York.

United Nations General Assembly (2012) Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, A/67/369, United Nations General Assembly, New York.

United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) (2005) ‘Islam, land & property research series’, Paper 6: Islamic inheritance laws and systems, Nairobi, Kenya. Available at www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/3546_3490_ILP%206.doc (accessed 10 February 2011).

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) (2010) State of the World’s Population 2010. From conflict and crisis to renewal: generations of change, UNFPA, New York.

US Department of State (2013) Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012: Iran, US Department of State, Washington, D.C., http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204359 (accessed 21 August 2013).

Valentine M. Moghadam (n.d.). “Women in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Legal Status, Social Positions, and Collective Action, available at http://www.wilsoncenter.orghttp://www.genderindex.org/wp-content/uploads/files/ValentineMoghadamFinal.pdf (accessed 02/09/2014).

World Bank (n.d.) Financial Inclusion Data – Iran, Islamic Rep., World Bank , Washington, D.C., http://datatopics.worldbank.org/financialinclusion/country/iran,-islamic-rep. (accessed 16 August 2013).

World Bank (2011) World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development, World Bank, Washington, D.C.

DEVELOPMENT VERSION

Iran, Islamic Rep. – 2014 results